3/10/2023 0 Comments Contemporary issuesWhile the terrorist attacks in New York unleashed anti-Muslim sentiments, particularly in Western societies, the two other events have triggered significant racism and xenophobia towards migrants worldwide (Babacan & Gopalkrishnan, 2020 Esposito & Kalin, 2011). ![]() Of course, race relations is one of the social domains that has been deeply impacted by these epoch-making events. The September 11 terrorist attack in the US, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, and the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), were the three major events that shocked the entire world, disrupting and transforming contemporary life. To put this in context, the 21st century began with events that significantly changed societies across the world. Research also demonstrates how racism threatens to depress the wellbeing of minority groups and undermine societal harmony (Paradies et al., 2015 Elias and Paradies, 2016). Along with economic inequality, climate change, religious extremism, and political repression, racism has been identified as an enduring problem facing the world today (Krieger, 2020). Not only has racism scholarship grown in depth and extent, but there is also increasing awareness about its multidimensional social harm. What is new today is our awareness and scientific understanding of these social forces and our ability to predict when and why they occur. Indeed, racism, xenophobia, and religious discrimination are not new, but have been around for much of human civilisations in different forms and structures. These social oppressions have generated widespread anti-racism movements across societies characterized by super-diversity while also emboldening groups with extremist ideologies (Lloyd, 2007 Paradies, 2016 Vertovec, 2007). ![]() ![]() Yet, the colour line has also kept transforming and shifting, with new forms of racism and social inequities becoming pervasive in contemporary societies. After more than a century of global wars, revolutions, and national social movements, the colour line remains visible in many parts of the world through perpetual ethnic and racial inequities, systemic racism, and racial hatred. The American sociologist W.E.B Du Bois wrote “the problem of the twentieth century the problem of the color line” referring to the racial inequity and relations among people of different ethno-national backgrounds (Du Bois, 2008, p.
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